In the first article in this series, we looked at the common problems that can arise Class 2 restorations. In this article, let's look at an approach to placing direct resin restorations that is time-efficient and—in my experience—does not result in voids, overhangs, or defective margins.

Class 2 Restorations: Matrixing and Wedging

For most Class 2 restoration cases, I employ a sectional, rather than circumferential, matrix band.

The exception to this is the case when the proximal contact has not been broken. In these cases, it is challenging to place a sectional band since it is thin and deforms easily, so a circumferential band is employed.

Consider the process in the following clinical case:

Pre treatment, the patient presented with an MO cavity of 2.6. Defective restorations were also noted at 2.7, 2.5 and 2.4. but the patient declined treatment of these teeth.

Patient presents with an MO cavity of 2.6.
Figure 1: Patient presents with an MO cavity of 2.6.

The upper left quadrant was isolated with rubber dam and the existing restoration/caries removed. The margins were finished with a carbide burr and particle abrasion with 27-micron alumina at 2-3 bar performed.

Existing restoration and caries removed, and margins finished
Figure 2: Existing restoration and caries removed, and margins finished.

The cavity was matrixed with a disposable circumferential band (ProMatrix, Young Innovations) and wedge (Versawedge, Burton Bands).

Cavity is matrixed with a circumferential band and a wedge
Figure 3: Cavity is matrixed with a circumferential band and a wedge.

The restoration was completed with flowable bulk fill in the proximal box (SDR, Dentsply) and paste bulk fill (Ecosite Bulk Fill DMG).

Restoration is completed with flowable bulk fill and paste bulk fill
Figure 4: Restoration is completed with flowable bulk fill and paste bulk fill.

Final polishing was completed with discs (3MTM Sof-LexTM) and silicone points (Venusâ Supra, Kulzer) and the occlusion checked.

Final polishing using discs and silicone points
Figure 5: Final polishing using discs and silicone points.

If the contact is broken, a sectional matrix system is preferred since it confers numerous advantages:

  1. The shorter band offers more precise control of the band tension and, in combination with a separating ring, firmer proximal contacts1.
  2. Sectional bands have more anatomical contour and a more favorable emergence profile, resulting in fewer black interproximal black triangles and reduced food impaction.
  3. The sectional band is simpler to remove partway through the procedure when the proximal box is completed, allowing improved access for a Class 2 restoration of the occlusal portion.

The band is initially placed and centered on the tooth…

A sectional band is placed and centered
Figure 6: A sectional band is placed and centered.

A band should be selected that extends at the occlusal table to the same height as the intact marginal ridge of the adjacent tooth…

The sectional band extends to the same height as the marginal ridge of the adjacent tooth
Figure 7: The sectional band extends to the same height as the marginal ridge of the adjacent tooth.

Next, the wedge is placed…

Wedge is placed to close the gingival margin.
Figure 8: Wedge is placed to close the gingival margin.

Wedging should completely close the gingival margin. If the gingival margin is not closed, the wedge should be removed and the interproximal packed with PTFE tape. I find a Williams periodontal probe to be the most efficient instrument to perform this task.

A separating ring is now selected and placed. It is important that the four tines of the ring engage surfaces of the tooth to be restored and the adjacent tooth so that separation occurs.

Separating ring is placed.
Figure 9: Separating ring is placed.

If a gap remains between the axial margin and the matrix…

Gap between axial margin and matrix.
Figure 10: Gap between axial margin and matrix.

…this can be closed by packing PTFE tape between the band and the ring.

PTFE tape packed between sectional band and separating ring.
Figure 11: PTFE tape packed between sectional band and separating ring.

Investing time to achieve perfect band adaptation results in critical time savings during finishing.

Restoring the Class 2 Restoration Proximal Box

Traditionally, the management of stress within the Class 2 restoration box has involved incremental placement of vertical layers, horizontal increments, or small triangles (<2mm) of composite resin into the box, each being polymerized prior to placement of the subsequent increment.

While various studies have demonstrated good success for this approach2,3, these techniques present at least two significant challenges. First, the strategy is extremely time consuming, making it inefficient—particularly in an insurance-based office. Secondly, I have noted a tendency toward void formation between increments, even when high magnification (an operating microscope) is employed.

The approach I have outlined here employs the Centripetal Technique4, whereby after bonding the proximal box is built, converting the Class 2 into a Class 1 restoration. The Class 1 portion is then restored on a cusp-by-cusp basis.

The proximal box is divided into two portions, or increments: a gingival portion from the gingival margin to the level of the occlusal isthmus and an occlusal portion from the gingival portion to the maximum height of the marginal ridge.

Modified Centripetal Approach - Occlusal Increment: universal composite and Gingival Increment: flowable bulkfill, core paste heated universal composite RMGIC
Figure 12: The two increments of the Centripetal Approach.

The strategies employed in the Centripetal Approach will be the focus of the final article in this 3-part series about Class 2 restorations.


Jason Smithson, BDS (Lond), DipRestDentRCS (Eng), is a member of Spear Resident Faculty.

References

  1. Loomans, B. A. C., et al. "A randomized clinical trial on proximal contacts of posterior composites." Journal of Dentistry 34.4 (2006): 292-297.
  2. Tjan, Anthony HL, Brian H. Bergh, and Carla Lidner. "Effect of various incremental techniques on the marginal adaptation of class II composite resin restorations." The Journal of prosthetic dentistry 67.1 (1992): 62-66.
  3. Donly, Kevin J., and M. E. Jensen. "Posterior composite polymerization shrinkage in primary teeth: an in vitro comparison of three techniques." Pediatr Dent 8.3 (1986): 209-12.
  4. Bichacho, Nitzan. "The centripetal build-up for composite resin posterior restorations." Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent 6.3 (1994): 17-23.

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